Mucuna laticifera: unprecedented L-dopa content and its role in neurodegenerative and inflammatory conditions.

Genus Mucuna encompasses several plant species renowned for their utilization in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, chiefly due to their exceptionally high L-dopa content relative to other plants. However, limited information exists regarding Mucuna laticifera, a newly identified species within the Mucuna genus. This study unveils a remarkable L-dopa content of 174.3 mg/g in M. laticifera seeds, surpassing all previously documented Mucuna species. Moreover, this research marks the first documentation of L-dopa, flavonoids, and phenolics within M. laticifera seeds. Furthermore, the aqueous extract derived from these seeds exhibits robust antioxidant properties. Investigation into its anti-inflammatory potential reveals a significant reduction in paw swelling and neutrophil infiltration at inflammatory sites in a carrageenan-induced rat model. Gene expression analysis utilizing a rat paw model demonstrates that the seed extract significantly downregulates the expression of various inflammation-related genes compared to carrageenan-treated rats. Collectively, these findings clearly substantiate the anti-inflammatory activity of M. laticifera seed extract. The exceptional L-dopa content combined with its anti-inflammatory properties position M. laticifera seeds as a promising therapeutic option for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's, as well as various inflammatory conditions. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03969-w.

Plant and yeast consortium for efficient remediation of dyes and effluents: a biochemical and toxicological study.

Textile effluent carries a range of dyes that may be recalcitrant and resistant to biodegradation. A unique consortium of the Fimbristylis dichotoma and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is exploited for the biodegradation of an azo dye Rubine GFL and actual textile effluent. This consortium enhances the rate of biodegradation of Rubine GFL and actual textile effluent with an excellent rate of biodegradation of 92% for Rubine GFL and 68% for actual textile effluent when compared to the individual one within 96 h. Speedy decolorization of Rubine GFL and actual textile effluent was observed due to the induction of oxido-reductive enzymes of the FD-SC consortium. Along with the significant reduction in the values of COD, BOD, ADMI, TSS, and TDS with 70, 64, 65, 41, and 52%, respectively, in experimental sets treated with FD-SC consortium. The biodegradation of Rubine GFL was confirmed with UV-Vis spectroscopy at the preliminary level, and then, metabolites formed after degradation were detected and identified by FTIR, HPLC, and GC-MS techniques. Also, decolorization of the dye was observed in the sections of the root cortex of Fimbristylis dichotoma. The toxicity of dye and metabolites formed after degradation was assessed by seed germination and bacterial count assay, where increased germination % and bacterial count from 31×107CFUs to 92 × 107 CFUs reflect the nontoxic nature of metabolites. Furthermore, the nontoxic nature of metabolites was confirmed by fish toxicity on Cirrhinus mrigala showed normal structures of fish gills and liver in the groups treated with FD-SC consortium proving the better tactic for biodegradation of dyes and textile effluent.

In situ treatment of real textile effluent in constructed furrows using consortium of Canna indica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and subsequent biochemical and toxicity evaluation.

Emerging contaminants removals like dyes and heavy metals from the textile effluent have an immense challenge. The present study focuses on the biotransformation and detoxification of dyes and in situ textile effluent treatment by plants and microbes efficiently. A mixed consortium of perennial herbaceous plant Canna indica and fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed decolorization of di-azo dye Congo red (CR, 100 mg/L) up to 97% within 72 h. Root tissues and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells revealed induction of various dye-degrading oxidoreductase enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, laccase, veratryl alcohol oxidase and azo reductase during CR decolorization. Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b and carotenoid pigments were notably elevated in the leaves of a plant during the treatment. Phytotransformation of CR into its metabolic constituents was detected by using several analytical techniques, including FTIR, HPLC, and GC-MS and its non-toxic nature was confirmed by cyto-toxicological evaluation on Allium cepa and on freshwater bivalves. Mix consortium of plant Canna indica and fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae efficiently treated textile wastewater (500 L) and reduced ADMI, COD, BOD, TSS and TDS (74, 68, 68, 78, and 66%) within 96 h. In situ textile wastewater treatment for in furrows constructed and planted with Canna indica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and consortium-CS within 4 days reveals reduced ADMI, COD, BOD, TDS and TSS (74, 73, 75, 78, and 77%). Comprehensive observations recommend this is an intelligent tactic to exploit this consortium in the furrows for textile wastewater treatment.

Bos taurus (A-2) urine assisted bioactive cobalt oxide anchored ZnO: a novel nanoscale approach.

In this study, a novel synthetic method for cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles using Bos taurus (A-2) urine as a reducing agent was developed. In addition to this ZnO nanorods were produced hydrothermally and a nanocomposite is formed through a solid-state reaction. The synthesized materials were characterized through modern characterization techniques such as XRD, FE-SEM with EDS, DLS, zeta potential, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopic analysis, and TGA with DSC. The free radical destructive activity was determined using two different methods viz. ABTS and DPPH. The potential for BSA denaturation in vitro, which is measured in comparison to heat-induced denaturation of egg albumin and results in anti-inflammatory effects of nanomaterial was studied. All synthesized nanomaterials have excellent antibacterial properties, particularly against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. The composite exhibits excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in comparison to pure nanomaterials. This reveals that these nanomaterials are advantageous in medicine and drug administration.

Recent advances in biochar technology for textile dyes wastewater remediation: A review.

With the continuous rise of industrialization and agriculture, the concentration of organic contaminants such as dyes in the ecosystem has increased in subsequent years, causing major environmental contamination. Adsorption has been revealed to be a reliable and cost-effective way of eliminating organic pollutants. Biochar technology has the potential of converting trash into treasure when utilized for environmental remediation since it has numerous benefits such as the availability of diverse types of raw materials, low cost, and reusability. The potential of biochar as an adsorbent, support for catalysis, and a composite catalyst for dye degradation and mineralization is summarized in this research. It discusses its current research status in the adsorption and degradation of various dyes, incorporates the pertinent adsorption variables, encapsulates its regeneration techniques, investigates its engineering applications, and finally analyses limitations and discusses future development prospects.

Biochar based photocatalyst for degradation of organic aqueous waste: A review.

The advancement in the treatment technology for wastewater containing recalcitrant pollutants to lower the overall cost and time of the treatment processes is the prime demand. Biochar (BC) based photocatalyst have proved their potential application in the photo-degradation of a wide range of organic pollutants. The structural and chemical properties of the BC enhance the efficacy of photocatalyst, improving its optical properties with increased stability. This review gives an overview of the progress that occurred during the last five years in BC-based photocatalyst for degradation of recalcitrant organic waste in the aqueous system, emphasizing the role of BC in the photocatalytic performance with a brief discussion regarding the various sources of BC and different strategies used to modify the BC. Further, the critical challenges are discussed, which would be confronted during the scaling up and real-time application in wastewater treatment.

Molecular insights into plant-microbe interactions for sustainable remediation of contaminated environment.

The widespread distribution of organic and inorganic pollutants in water resources have increased due to rapid industrialization. Rhizospheric zone-associated bacteria along with endophytic bacteria show a significant role in remediation of various pollutants. Metaomics technologies are gaining an advantage over traditional methods because of their capability to obtain detailed information on exclusive microbial communities in rhizosphere of the plant including the unculturable microorganisms. Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are functional methodologies that help to reveal the mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions and their synergistic roles in remediation of pollutants. Intensive analysis of metaomics data can be useful to understand the interrelationships of various metabolic activities between plants and microbes. This review comprehensively discusses recent advances in omics applications made hitherto to understand the mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions during phytoremediation. It extends the delivery of the insightful information on plant-microbiomes communications with an emphasis on their genetic, biochemical, physical, metabolic, and environmental interactions.

Sorption of brilliant green dye using soybean straw-derived biochar: characterization, kinetics, thermodynamics and toxicity studies.

The present study was aimed to investigate brilliant green (BG) dye sorption onto soybean straw biochar (SSB) prepared at 800 °C and further understanding the sorption mechanism. Sorption kinetic models such as pseudo-first and pseudo-second order were executed for demonstrating sorption mechanism between the dye and biochar. Results of kinetics study were fitted well to pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 0.997) indicating that the reaction followed chemisorption mechanism. Furthermore, the effect of various parameters like sorbent dose, dye concentration, incubation time, pH and temperature on dye sorption was also studied. The maximum dye removal percentage and sorption capacity for SSB (800 °C) within 60 min were found to be 99.73% and 73.50 mg g- 1, respectively, at pH 8 and 60 °C temperature, whereas adsorption isotherm studies showed a higher correlation coefficient values for Freundlich model (R2 0.990-0.996) followed by Langmuir model suggesting that sorption process was multilayer. The characterization of biomass and biochar was performed with the aid of analytical techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). FTIR analysis showed active groups on biochar surface. BET study revealed higher surface area of biochar (194.7 m2/g) than the biomass (12.84 m2/g). Besides, phyto- and cytogenotoxic studies revealed significant decrease in the toxicity of dye containing water after treating with SSB. Therefore, this study has proved the sorption potential of soybean straw biochar for BG dye and could be further considered as sustainable cost-effective strategy for treating the textile dye-contaminated wastewater.

RP-HPLC analysis of diterpene lactones in leaves and stem of different species of Andrographis.

In the present study diterpene lactones were quantified in leaves and stem of different species of Andrographis collected from Western Ghats of India using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. Different populations of AA (Andrographis alata), AE (Andrographis echioides), ALn (Andrographis lineata var. lineata), ALw (Andrographis lineata var. lawii), AM (Andrographis macrobotrys), AO (Andrographis ovata), AP (Andrographis paniculata), APr (Andrographis producta) and AS (Andrographis serphyllifolia) were assessed for the amount of AG (andrographolide), NAG (neoandrographolide) and DDAG (14-deoxy-11, 12-didehydroandrographolide) in leaves and stem. The most abundant diterpenoid was AG and highest amount of 68.35 mg/g DW was recorded in a population of AP. AG was also present in leaves of ALw at considerable level (40.85 mg/g DW). NAG was optimum in the leaves of AM (98.43 to 102.03 mg/g DW). DDAG was higher in the leaves of AP (16.01 mg/g DW).

In situ textile wastewater treatment in high rate transpiration system furrows planted with aquatic macrophytes and floating phytobeds.

Plants are known to remediate dyes, metals and emerging contaminants from wastewaters. Vetiveria zizanioides, a perennial bunchgrass showed removal of Remazol Red (RR, 100 mg/L) up to 93% within 40 h. Root and shoot tissues of V. zizanioides revealed induction in dye degrading enzymes viz. lignin peroxidase by 2.28 and 1.43, veratryl alcohol oxidase 2.72 and 1.60, laccase 6.15 and 3.55, and azo reductase 2.17 and 2.65-fold, respectively, during RR decolorization. Substantial increase was observed in the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in the plant leaves during treatment. Anatomical studies of roots, HPLC and GC-MS analysis of metabolites, and phytotoxicity assessment confirmed phytotransformation of RR into nontoxic metabolites. Floating phytobed with V. zizanioides treated textile wastewater (400 L) effectively and reduced ADMI, COD, BOD, TDS, and TSS by 74, 74, 81, 66 and 47%, respectively within 72 h. In-situ treatment of textile wastewater for 5 days in constructed furrows planted with semiaquatic plants, V. zizanioides, Ipomoea aquatica and its consortium-VI decreased ADMI by 68, 61 and 76%, COD by 75, 74 and 79%, BOD by 73, 71 and 84%, TDS by 77, 75 and 83%, and TSS by 34, 31 and 51%, respectively. This treatment was also useful to remove arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead from wastewater. Overall observation suggests wise strategy to use this plantation in the furrows of high rate transpiration system and phytobeds in deep water for textile wastewater treatment.

Multidimensional Studies of Pancratium parvum Dalzell Against Acetylcholinesterase: A Potential Enzyme for Alzheimer's Management.

Objective:Pancratium L. (Amaryllidaceae J.St. Hil.) is a monocot genus with bulbous habitat and about 20 species worldwide have significant medicinal properties. The present envision aims to investigate the potential ability of Pancratium species for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition as a remedy for Alzheimer disease (AD). Different Pancratium species were screened for the inhibition of AChE enzyme from various localities across India. Prominent species was further studied for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, metal chelating and UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis.Methods: Nine different species collected across India were examined for AChE inhibition and for binding affinity studies using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). Highest inhibition species was subjected to Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to accomplish the effective conditions for maximum extraction of phytomolecules in accordance with the inhibition of the AChE. Further, extract under optimized conditions were used to study anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, metal chelating and UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis for tentative identification of phytomolecules.Results: Amongst different species collected, P. parvum Dalzell exhibited maximum inhibition 93.30 ± 1.71% with promising IC50 20 ± 0.22 µg/ml value. In addition, binding affinity toward AChE and ß plaques using SPR technique showed a higher binding response toward the enzyme. RSM study resulted that water extracts at 50 °C and 5.46 hours heating executed maximum inhibition. Other studies showed prominent anti-inflammatory and metal chelating ability with low antioxidant property.Conclusion: By using UHPLC-QTOF-MS compounds were tentatively identified for the concerned activities mentioned above. This work reports for accounting the detailed study of P. parvum and which can be further entailed for the treatment of various neurological disorders.

Treatment of furazolidone contaminated water using banana pseudostem biochar engineered with facile synthesized magnetic nanocomposites.

The present study enlightens facile synthesis and characterization of magnetic biochar derived from waste banana pseudostem biomass for the removal of nitrofuran antibiotic 'furazolidone' (FZD). Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), magnetic hysteresis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed successful hybridization of magnetic nanocomposites with biochar (BPB600). The maximum adsorption capacity of magnetic BPB600 was 96.81% (37.86 mg g-1), which was significantly higher than the non-coated BPB600 (77.25%; 31.45 mg g-1). Adsorption kinetics data fitted well with pseudo-second order, and Elovich model demonstrating dominance of the chemisorption mechanism. Furthermore, the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the interactive effect of pH, temperature, and FZD concentration on adsorption. Therefore, the results of present study would provide an effective strategy to tackle antibiotic contaminants responsible for the antibiotic resistance genes or bacteria that decreases the therapeutic value of antibiotics.

Microbial degradation of poultry feather biomass in a constructed bioreactor and application of hydrolysate as bioenhancer to vegetable crops.

Bioconversion of recalcitrant keratinous biomass is one of the greatest ways to utilize products of feather hydrolysis and recycle them into bionetwork. Present study revealed 87% degradation of poultry feathers within 48 h in a constructed bioreactor using Chryseobacterium sp. RBT. The resulting feather hydrolysate (FH) was rich in soluble protein (3.56 ± 0.18 mg/ml), amino acids (3.83 ± 0.20 mg/ml), and macro and micro nutrients like N (8.0302%), P (0.3876%), K (0.5532%), Cu (0.0684%), Mg (0.8078%), Mn (0.2001%), Ca (0.4832%), Zn (0.0442%), and Fe (0.0330%). HPTLC analysis of FH revealed presence of tryptophan, cysteine, methionine, phenylalanine, glycine, valine, tyrosine, lysine, leucine, and serine as the primary amino acids. Field studies were conducted to apply FH as the bioenhancer to commercially important crops like brinjal and chilli through root drenching (20%, v/v). FH showed positive impact on the growth and development of plants along with early flowering and improved crop yield. In addition, nutritional quality of brinjal and chilli in terms of protein, amino acids, reducing sugars, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant was elevated. Therefore, promotion and utility of by-products generated in feather degradation would be an effective strategy focusing on sustainable agricultural practices and problems associated with the waste management.

The Binding Affinity of Small Molecules with Yam Tyrosinase (Catechol Oxidase): A Biophysical Study.

Yam tyrosinase has become an economically essential enzyme due to its ease of purification and abundant availability of yam tubers. However, an efficient biochemical and biophysical characterization of yam tyrosinase has not been reported. In the present study, the interaction of yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) tyrosinase was studied with molecules such as crocin (Crocus sativus), hydroquinone, and kojic acid. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism techniques were employed to determine the binding affinities and the changes in secondary and tertiary structures of yam tyrosinase in the presence of four relevant small molecules. Hydroquinone and crocin exhibited very low binding affinities of 0.24 M and 0.0017 M. Due to their apparent weak interactions, competition experiments were used to determine more precisely the binding affinities. Structure-function interrelationships can be correlated in great detail by this study, and the results can be compared with other available tyrosinases.

Comparative biophysical characterization: A screening tool for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Among neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most grievous disease. The oldest cholinergic hypothesis is used to elevate the level of cognitive impairment and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) comprises the major targeted enzyme in AD. Thus, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) constitutes the essential remedy for the treatment of AD. The study aims to evaluate the interactions between natural molecules and AChE by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The molecules like alkaloids, polyphenols and substrates of AChE have been considered for the study with a major emphasis on affinity and kinetics. To better understand the activity of small molecules, the investigation is supported by both experimental and theoretical approach such as fluorescence, Circular Dichroism (CD) and molecular docking studies. Amongst the screened ones tannic acid showed promising results compared with others. The methodology followed here have highlighted many molecules with a higher affinity towards AChE and these findings may take lead molecules generated in preclinical studies to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we suggest a unique signature for the heterogeneous analyte model using competitive experiments for analyzing simultanous interactions of both the analytes.

Microcosm study of atrazine bioremediation by indigenous microorganisms and cytotoxicity of biodegraded metabolites.

Intensive use of atrazine in agriculture to increase crop productivity has resulted in pollution and consequently deteriorated the environment. Three isolated bacteria, Rhodococcus sp. BCH2 (RB), Bacillus sp. PDK1 (BP1) and Bacillus sp. PDK2 (BP2) possessing capability to degrade atrazine were used in different combinations (RB + BP1, RB + BP2, BP1 + BP2, RB + BP1 + BP2) to prepare a highly effective bacterial consortium which can significantly reduce the toxicity of atrazine. Cytotoxicity tests evaluated by MTT assay on HepG2 indicated significant decrease in the toxicity of atrazine by the consortium RB + BP1 + BP2 due to its effective degradation and formation of simpler and less/nontoxic metabolites compared to other combinations of consortia. A microcosm study was conducted to check the survivability of this consortium (RB + BP1 + BP2) in the presence of atrazine and indigenous soil microflora for four weeks. LC-Q-TOF/MS analysis revealed that RB + BP1 + BP2 could degrade atrazine to various simple metabolites in the microcosm. The cluster analysis of the DGGE patterns of the microcosm of control-soil, soil exposed to atrazine and soil augmented with consortium in the presence of atrazine (1000 mg kg-1) revealed a shift in microbial community of soil. The microbial dynamics studies suggested that the augmented bacteria were well-thrived with natural microflora during four weeks of exposure to atrazine.

Enhanced inulinase production by Fusarium solani JALPK from invasive weed using response surface methodology.

The present study is the first report of utilizing Tithonia rotundifolia weed as a substrate for inulinase production from Fusarium solani JALPK. It also deals with the statistical optimization of culture conditions to enhance the enzyme yield. Amongst the 11 variables screened by Plackett- Burman design, Inulin in combination with Agave sisalana extract, Tithonia rotundifolia extract and NaNO3 had a significant influence on inulinase production and their concentrations were further optimized employing Box Behnken design. An enhancement of inulinase production from 970 EU/mL to 3261.011 EU/mL was gained after media optimization. Amongst the screened carbon sources Tithonia rotundifolia was found to be very effective in stimulating elevated inulinase synthesis. The Tithonia rotundifolia weed extract was treated with inulinase from Fusarium solani JALPK to form fructose which was estimated spectrophotometrically. This liberated fructose was also confirmed by osazone formation test and FTIR. HPTLC analysis of product revealed the exoinulinase nature of the enzyme produced by Fusarium solani JALPK since fructose was the only end product after hydrolysis of inulin rich weed in fermented broth. Thus the elevated extracellular inulinase yielding novel property of Fusarium solani JALPK (KY914560) contributes in considering it as a potential candidate with food, pharmaceutical and bioremediation applications.

Processing Effect on L-DOPA, In Vitro Protein and Starch Digestibility, Proximate Composition, and Biological Activities of Promising Legume: Mucuna macrocarpa.

Objective: In the present investigation, the effect of different cooking processes on L-DOPA level, phenolics contents, in vitro protein (IVPD) and starch digestibility (IVSD), and proximate composition with in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Mucuna macrocarpa (MM) has been evaluated. Methods: The L-DOPA and major phenolics acids quantification of processed samples were done by a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique. Proximate composition, elemental quantification, and in vitro protein and starch digestibility of the samples were carried out by using spectrophotometric analysis. The anti-inflammatory activities of samples were evaluated by a human red blood cells (HRBCs) membrane stabilization test and bovine serum albumin (BSA) anti-denaturation assay. Antioxidant potential of processed beans was carried out by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylendiamine (DMPD) assays and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Results: The processed MM beans showed a significant reduction of L-DOPA (6.30%), phytic acid (25.78%), tannin (19.79%), and saponin (25.59%) in the boiling, autoclaving, and roasting processes. RP-HPLC quantification of major phenolics acids was also affected by the differential process as compare to the raw seed sample. The processed seeds also showed considerable improvement of in vitro protein (26.93%) and starch (20.30%) digestibility, whereas the anti-inflammatory potential and antioxidant potential of MM beans were decreased in the processed samples, indicating a reduction of antioxidant molecules. Conclusion: The differential process showed considerable changes in the proximate composition, in vitro digestibility, and biological potential. The present study recommends the utilization of MM beans after autoclaving and boiling for maximum nutritional potential with health benefits.

Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Phenolic, Flavonoid Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Mucuna macrocarpa Beans: Response Surface Methodology Optimization.

OBJECTIVE: This investigation was undertaken to optimize the effective extraction of total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and antioxidant activity from the Mucuna macrocarpa (MM) beans. An ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique with water as an effective solvent was proposed for the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization. METHODS: A three-level, two-factor central composite design (CCD) was employed to reveal the optimal points of variables. Different extraction times (5, 10, 15 minutes) and ultrasonic power levels (10, 20, 30 W) were used for the optimization. The experimental runs given by the RSM were evaluated for TPC, TFC, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA), and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) RSA and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). RESULTS: The predicted times for maximum extraction of TPC (186.61 mg GAE g-1), TFC (148.87 mg QUE g-1), and DPPH RSA (99.37%), and DMPD RSA (50.58%) and FRAP (2.38 O.D. at 593 nm) were 12.57, 12.84, 12.43, 12.97, and 13.24 min, and ultrasonic power levels were found to be 27.30, 26.76, 26.22, 27.03, and 27.84 W, respectively. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis of phenolics compounds from the RSM optimized sample showed tannic acid (48.09 ± 1.92 mg/g), gallic acid (1.17 ± 0.19 mg/g), p-coumaric acid (0.56 ± 0.03 mg/g), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (0.049 ± 0.01 mg/g) content. CONCLUSION: Water and ultrasonication were found to be an effective extraction solvent and technique. RSM was effectively employed to investigate the optimal process conditions for the maximum extraction of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant compounds from the MM beans. Further, MM beans can be explored as a prominent antioxidant source for the treatment of several disorders.